No. For decades Cuban citizens needed an exit permit commonly called the tarjeta blanca, without which departure was not permitted even with a destination visa. The requirement was abolished in January 2013. For completeness, abolishing the general rule does not mean everyone can travel — international reporting records that certain groups may still face restrictions under other provisions.

It does not recognise it — a different model from prohibition. Cuba regards someone born a Cuban citizen as remaining one and does not acknowledge their acquisition of another nationality. The same model as Iran.

People of Cuban origin holding another nationality must still use a Cuban passport to enter and leave Cuba; Cuban passports must be periodically revalidated at missions abroad at substantial recurring cost; and the second country's consular protection barely functions while the person is in Cuba.

A US statute allowing Cubans present in the United States for a defined period to apply to adjust to permanent resident status by a distinct route — almost the only instance in US immigration law of a statute written for the nationals of one country. The accompanying wet foot, dry foot policy was ended in January 2017, and policies concerning Cubans have changed repeatedly since, so check what is currently in force.

Migration conditions depend not only on who you are but on what the destination country currently thinks about your nationality. That variable lies entirely outside an applicant's control and shifts with the destination's domestic politics — the same principle the Kosovo article concluded with: a document's value sits with the receiving country.

No. Cuba also has no residence category for foreigners in the ordinary sense; existing categories include work permits tied to specific projects, residence through marriage, and study, research and medical categories. Foreign investment operates chiefly through joint ventures with state partners.

Cards issued by US institutions generally do not work in Cuba and some other cards face restrictions — visitors frequently do not know this in advance and encounter real difficulty. Following currency unification in 2021 there has also been very high inflation and multiple unofficial exchange rates, so currency questions must be researched carefully before travelling.

Medical services abroad — teams of Cuban doctors and health workers serving under contracts with the governments of many countries — has been the largest source for many years. For completeness, the working conditions and income-sharing arrangements of these missions have been raised as concerns by some international organisations and governments.